Transnational criminal groups are increasingly using semi-submersible and fully submersible vessels, commonly known as ‘narco-subs’, for narcotics transportation. These vessels are often painted in colors matching the ocean to avoid visual and aerial detection and are built using materials that reduce radar visibility. They are custom-built in areas near drug-producing zones and can carry over 5 metric tons of narcotics. These vessels primarily originate from South America and transit toward North America and Europe, with the Caribbean Sea being a key transit route. Over the past decade, there has been an increase in interceptions by law enforcement agencies in the US, Europe, and Latin America. Newer vessels are being equipped with satellite communication systems, allowing for real-time route adjustments, encrypted communications, tracking, and navigation updates. Some narco-subs even support remote or semi-autonomous navigation. After delivery, some vessels are designed to be intentionally sunk to destroy evidence. Despite their high cost to build, these vessels are profitable due to their high cargo volume. Authorities warn that criminal groups are adopting military-grade logistics and surveillance avoidance techniques, indicating a significant evolution in drug trafficking technology and operational sophistication.
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